Defame (verb)

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Seven categories of acts 'causing offence' are regulated in Chapter II, Part XVI of the Indonesian Criminal Code entitled 'Acts Causing Offence: defamation (pencemaran), libel (pencemaran tertulis), aggravated defamation (fitnah), minor defamation (penghinaan ringan), complaint causing aggravated defamation (pengaduan fitnah), causing a false inference (persangkaan palsu) and the generic 'offensive act' (penghinaan).

Problematically, the Criminal Code does not clearly and exhaustively define these terms nor clearly differentiate between them. The plain words of the sections, in fact, allow a degree of overlap between the various categories, for example, between an insult or an act causing offence (penghinaan) and defamation (pencemaran).